Francis Lewis Cardozo

Overview When Francis Lewis Cardozo was elected as South Carolina’s secretary of state in 1868, he became the first African-American to be elected to hold a political position in the state. His work as a clergyman, educator and politician allowed him to fight for the rights of African-Americans during the Reconstruction period.    Key Accomplishments Established Avery Normal Institute, one of the first free secondary schools for African-Americans.Early advocate for school integration in the South.First African-American to hold a statewide office in the United States. Famous Family Members Cardozo’s granddaughter is Eslanda Goode Robeson. Robeson was an actress, anthropologist, writer and civil rights activist. She was married to Paul Robeson.   A distant relative of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Cardozo. Early Life and Education Cardozo was born on February 1, 1836, in Charleston. His mother, Lydia Weston was a free African-American woman. His father, Isaac Cardozo, was Portuguese man. After attending schools established for freed blacks, Cardozo worked as a carpenter and shipbuilder. In 1858, Cardozo began attending the University of Glasgow  before becoming a seminarian in Edinburgh and London. Cardozo was ordained a Presbyterian minister and upon his return to the United States, he began working as a pastor. By 1864, Cardozo was working as a pastor at the Temple Street Congregational Church in New Haven, Conn. The following year, Cardozo began working as an agent of the American Missionary Association. His brother, Thomas, had already served as superintendent for the organization’s school and soon Cardozo followed in his footsteps. As superintendent, Cardozo reestablished the school as the Avery Normal Institute. The Avery Normal Institute was a free secondary school for African-Americans. The school’s primary focus was to train educators. Today, Avery Normal Institute is part of the College of Charleston. Politics In 1868, Cardozo served as a delegate at the South Carolina constitutional convention. Serving as the chair of the education committee, Cardozo lobbied for integrated public schools. That same year, Cardozo was elected as secretary of state and became the first African-American to hold such a position. Through his influence, Cardozo was instrumental in reforming the South Carolina Land Commission by distributing land to former enslaved African-Americans. In 1872, Cardozo was elected as state treasurer. However, legislators decided to impeach Cardozo for his refusal to cooperate with corrupt politicians in 1874. Cardozo was reelected to this position twice. Resignation and Conspiracy Charges When federal troops were withdrawn from Southern states in 1877 and the Democrats regained control of state government, Cardozo was pushed to resign from office. That same year Cardozo was prosecuted for conspiracy. Although evidence found was not conclusive, Cardozo was still found guilty. He served almost a year in prison. Two years later, Governor William Dunlap Simpson pardoned Cardozo. Following the pardon, Cardozo relocated to Washington DC where he held a position with the Treasury Department. Educator In 1884, Cardozo became the principal of the Colored Preparatory High School in Washington DC. Under Cardozo’s tutelage, the school instituted a business curriculum and became one of the most outstanding schools for African-American students. Cardozo retired in 1896. Personal Life While serving as pastor of Temple Street Congregational Church, Cardozo married Catherine Rowena Howell. The couple had six children. Death Cardozo died in 1903 in Washington DC. Legacy Cardozo Senior High School in the northwest section of Washington DC is named in Cardozo’s honor.

William Shakespeare s The Elizabethan Era - 3177 Words

William Shakespeare, possibly the greatest writer in English language, had different views about the world than most writers. Shakespeare completely disagreed with the Elizabethan society he lived in and with the concept of time. He found his society’s views unproductive and incorrect and he believed that time should not be a part of life, since it causes too much harm. His work showed how he viewed the concept of love and friendship and how someone cannot live his or her life properly without loving someone and being loved in return. Shakespeare’s worldview and the society he resided in become illuminated throughout his work, especially in his sonnets. His work reflects the importance of love and friendship as well as his disagreement with time and the Elizabethan Era’s views. William Shakespeare lived his life and wrote his works during the Elizabethan Era. His writing in his sonnets often differed with the Elizabethan worldview. For example, the Elizabethan so ciety believed in a strong hierarchal system. However, Shakespeare often wrote about a strong female. â€Å"And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare/ As any She belied with false compare† (Shakespeare, Sonnet 130). Shakespeare believed that a female can be just as strong, sometimes even stronger, than a male. His rejection of feminine qualities continue to intrigue today’s writers. â€Å"Shakespeare’s insistence through his speaker in Sonnet 130 to have a real, flesh and blood mistress rather than an ideal goddess isShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Elizabethan Era1478 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most famous poets, dramatists, and actors of his time, let alone all of all of history. Though many details of many aspects of his life are uncertain, it is evident through the popularity of his works that he forever remain a distinguished individual of the Elizabethan era. The stability of England under Queen Elizabeth I allowed artists to flourish as the populations attention turned from that of the political and religious scene to more interest based endeavorsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Elizabethan Era1548 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the importance and presence of love in a person’s life over the ages has not changed, the role of love in one’s life has changed drastically in an individual’s personal life, specifically in marriage. During the Elizabethan era, it was â€Å"considered foolish to marry for love† (Ros). Fifteenth century marriage was seen as a means of gaining property, friends, and allies; therefore, marriages among wealthy landowners were more commonly arranged than those among people from lower classes. ManyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Elizabethan Era811 Words   |  4 PagesQueens played a very important role in medieval history. They had many tasks to complete in the day. 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ShakespearesRead MoreThe Development And Popularity Of The Elizabethan Theatre1289 Words   |  6 Pages The Development and Popularity of the Elizabethan Theatre I. Introduction Hook: What type of entertainment could have been available in the Elizabethan era without actors or tv? A. Elizabethan Era 1. Forms of Entertainment Elizabethan entertainment was very important to the people, as it gave them a chance to take a break form their hard lives. a. â€Å"Court entertainment was regular, often nightly occurrence combined with feasts, jousts, and banquets often occompainies by music and dancingRead MoreGender Roles Of Female Characters1479 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the eras, literature has mirrored the social changes taking place in English society specifically in regards to gender roles of female characters. The Elizabethan era, which lasted from 1558 to 1603, is often referred to as the golden age by historians where many transitions in English society regarding marriage and gender took place (Ivic 110). It was a time in which wives were viewed as the property of their husbands (Ivic 110). However, every woman was expected to marry and be dependentRead MoreIn the Elizabethan era family, problems existed as they do today. Instead of a television show to900 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Elizabethan era family, problems existed as they do today. Instead of a television show to broadcast the dysfunction that lies with in their last name, family disputes were made into plays that let the country know the â€Å"hard life† of being a noble. The Elizabethan era was not an ideal time to live in terms of health, but theater arts thrived and turned London into the mecca for all things theater. The idea of a historical play has changed drastically from the 1600’s, such as King John, to theRead MoreA Brief Biography of William Shakespeare617 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, the man of many artistic talents, is still quite a mysterious figure in today’s world, mainly because of the lack of records on this man; but also because of his writings. According to what little the Holy Trinity Church had documented on William Shakespeare, the legal and business transactions including some theatrical and Court documents as well as his life’s work, can be used to put the little bits of information given to us to see the basic overview of this man’s life, useRead MorePortra yal Of Women During The Elizabethan Period1656 Words   |  7 Pagesin Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the Elizabethan period had a lack of respect for women, but Shakespeare changed it by having powerful, strong and independent female characters, like Lady Macbeth. Throughout history, women have not had the same amount of right and respect as the men. â€Å"Women were regarded as ‘the weaker sex’, not just in terms of physical strength, but emotionally too† (Sharnette). According to Shakespeare’s World/Stage, â€Å"During the time of William Shakespeare, the majority ofRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pageswork. However, for many centuries the writer has also been seen to have a diagnostic function, scrutinizing the ills of their society and portraying them for the world to see. William Shakespeare, 1564-1616, was an English playwright, poet and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s most distinguished dramatist. His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems and a few other verses. His

Work Study free essay sample

What is Work Study? Work Study is the systemeatic examination of the methods of carrying out activities such as to improve the effective use of resources and to set up standards of performance for the activities carried out. Work Study Components of Work Study Another definition of Work Study could be: A generic term for those techniques, particularly method study and work measurement, which are used in the examination of human work in all its contexts, and which lead systematically to to the investigation of all the factors which affect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed, in order to effect improvement. This has to do with Productivity Improvement, but also improvement of Quality and Safety. Operations Management Work Study Managing people within operations involves actual design decisions about jobs, methods, relationships between jobs and machines and systems of control and communication. Work design involves complex people relationships between operative staff, supervisors and specialists e. g. engineering managers and staff who commission new machines and maintain them. Other specialists may co-ordinate health and safety systems or monitor performance and plan maintenance People are not mere extensions to machines or horsepower to be switched on and off. A workers performance may be better than a machines capability yet a machine may outstrip the human being for many tasks. People can be hurt/injured physically by operating environments or trapped socially and psychologically in them/by them. How operational systems are designed and the jobs and performance relationships within them are of great operational, economic and social importance. In this context then work study is a collection of techniques used to examine work what is done and how it is done so that there is systematic analysis of all the elements, factors, resources and relationships affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of the work being studied. Considerable diplomacy and sensitivity is needed by the industrial engineer or operations manager who becomes involved in work study (or business process improvement) investigations. In the Path of F. W. Taylor Method study and work measurement are two principal activities of work study which originated in the work of F. W. Taylor (see Rose: 1978). FWs scientific management imperatives are: †¢ investigate the work situation and identify weaknesses where and why is poor performance happening? The scientific title for this approach to management means placing emphasis on †¢ data gathering and rational analysis †¢ certain narrow assumptions about the objectivity of efficiency criteria †¢ the existence of direct, deterministic relationships between worker performance and incentive payments and †¢ consideration of the worker to some extent as a machine. Thus we can evaluate and introduce improvements in operating methods. This includes type of equipment, its use, layout of operations, supply and use of materials, materials handling, work organisation, effectiveness of planning procedures and so on. Productivity improvement is the aim. †¢ we can select staff with characteristics that fit the job, train and reward them using payment schemes the offer particular economic incentive by linking payment to measured performance. Such propositions are commonly the stuff of managerial populists and how-to texts on human resource management. Methods study Approach is an analysis of ways of doing work. The memonic SREDIM (a common-sense heuristic or general problemsolving strategy) represents the method study stages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. select the tasks to study record the facts about it examine these develop a new method install/implement it maintain it Work measurement involves assessing the time a job should take to do. Similar steps are involved as to method study 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. select the tasks record the facts analyse them calculate basic and standard times for the task agree the method and its related time In the 1950s and 1960s the work study officer or OM Person (organisation and methods) gathered the data and gave advice. In the 1970s the titles evolved e. g. to that of management services officer. Work-study and methods study came within the scope of the industrial engineer. Today the techniques of method study are inclusive within the tool-kits and applications of the business systems analyst. The most modern application of some of the techniques of work study is the early 1990s managerial receipe; business process re-engineering i. e. re-designing business processes which have developed to the extent that they mismatch the needs of the situation today. However having said this the scope for work study definition and evaluation is useful for operations managers in a general sense. Such roles require data on operational capacities and effectiveness and the use of time and resources. Methods need regular re-evaluation. Some may have evolved and changed over time to become disjointed, patch works that no longer fully serve requirements. The case may need to be put for more staff or new methods and equipment. Such arguments call for data and measurement. How many extra hours/people are needed? Why? What will the new method offer? Is it possible to change methods? What will be the costs/benefits? Thus the techniques, assumptions and weaknesses of work study reflect important know-how for the operations manager generally and not just those working in engineering or manufacturing environments. However the assumptions, difficulties and limitations of the claims must be understood. Efficiency Indices Using data on measured work, unmeasured work and idle time we can attempt to derive effectiveness indices. Constable and New exemplify efficiency and effectiveness indices a. efficiency while performing measured work (ratio of standard/measured hours of work produced and the actual time taken) b. ffectiveness which includes †¢ accounting for work done for which no measured time exists. Such work is typically paid for by an agreed hourly/day rate i. e. there is no direct, measured relationship between pay and how much work is actually completed in that hour. Of course a supervisor may pass a judgment or state that the amount of work and its quali ty are inadequate. †¢ recognition of possible idle time caused e. g. by management not allocating any work, supplier/materials delays, machine breakdowns etc. Conclusion? In simple terms work study measures work and defines (some) performance standards. There are many uses for time estimates for tasks. Operations managers can guess or assume that a job is done in the correct time (whatever that is! ) or they can be systematic and use time data gathered by a systematic technique which has reasonable accuracy. Whether or not the worker likes it pushed hard in trying to complete a job with very tight measured work standards which dont anticipate the knotty problem encountered with a particular task is another matter. Work study/industrial engineers need time data to plan and evaluate production/transformation processes. Rewards systems need such data for performance related bonuses. Cost calculations need to incorporate operative and machine job times Costing systems reference work study data. Work study data contributes to: †¢ †¢ †¢ Improved methods to raise output, quality, reduce wastage, enhance reliability and ensure safety. Standard time data contributes to capacity planning, scheduling, control of staff, asset utilisation and quality improvement. Service and after-sales method improvements may be obtained as well as process improvement and better raw materials usage. Implementation planning for product/service and process design requires a detailed understanding of methods and timings. In a distribution/transport system we can evaluate logistical efficiencies. We need to remember always that performance inefficiency may arise from many reasons outside of worker control a cumbersome planning system, a slow computer system with heavy overheads, lack of investment or uninformed, disorganised management. It is crass to assume that the problems will only be due to staff inefficiencies or inappropriate methods.